Contemporary researchers have found that resilience factors vary in different risk contexts and this has contributed to the notion that resilience is a process. In addition to the effects that community and culture have on resilience in individuals, there is growing interest in resilience as a feature of entire communities and cultural groups. This led to a search for resilience factors at the individual, family, community - and, most recently, cultural - levels. From an initial focus on the invulnerable or invincible child, psychologists began to recognize that much of what seems to promote resilience originates outside of the individual.
Over the past 40 years, resilience research has gone through several stages. Having a warm and supportive mother, perceiving community support, and exhibiting higher levels of enculturation were each associated with increased likelihood of pro-social outcomes.read more read lessĪbstract: Resilience has been most frequently defined as positive adaptation despite adversity. Protective factors were from multiple contexts: family, community, and culture. A primary risk factor appeared to be perceived discrimination. The analyses identified key risk and protective factors. Defining resilience in the context of positive outcomes in the face of adversity, logistic regression was used to examine the predictors of pro-social outcomes among youth who lived in moderate- to high-adversity households. A measure of family adversity was also developed that indicated only 38.4% of the youth lived in low-adversity households. Based upon the definition of resilience, latent class analyses were conducted to identify youth who displayed pro-social outcomes (60.5%) as opposed to problem behavior outcomes. Data are from a baseline survey of 212 youth (115 boys and 97 girls) who were enrolled in the fifth through eighth grades. Abstract: This study examines resilience among a sample of American Indian adolescents living on or near reservations in the upper Midwest.
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